Survey and Molecular Detection of Burkholderia glumae and Burkholderia gladioli, the Cause of Bacterial Panicle Blight of Rice in Thailand
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Abstract
Bacterial panicle blight disease is caused by Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli. In outbreak areas, B. glumae decreases rice yield by up to 75%. This study aims to conduct an epidemic survey of the bacterial panicle blight disease in Thailand and identify bacteria causing the disease. From 2019 to 2023, 225 rice fields were surveyed throughout 38 provinces. Rice seeds, leaf sheaths and leaf blades with symptoms of bacterial panicle blight disease were collected, and bacteria were isolated on nutrient agar (NA) media. B. glumae and B. gladioli were detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with 16S-23S ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (16S-23S rDNA ITS)-specific primers. One hundred and eighteen bacterial isolates from 38 rice fields in 16 provinces (Central, Northeastern and Southern), including the three International Rainfed Lowland Rice Observational Nurseries (IRLRONs) in Ubon Ratchathani, Sakon Nakhon and Nong Khai Rice Research Centers, were tested positive for B. glumae. Baterial identification was validated by 16S-23S rDNA ITS nucleotide sequence analysis, biochemical testing and whole genome sequence analysis which identified three isolates (BG19NPT-03, BG22PNA-49 and BG23SSK04-20) as B. glumae with average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 99.87, 99.94 and 99.66%, respectively. Additionally, three bacterial isolates from three rice fields in two provinces of Northeastern were tested positive for B. gladioli using PCR and biochemical testing. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests on the rice KDML105 variety were observed for confirmation of the disease-causing agent. Systemic symptoms indicated rice leaf sheaths and blades began to decay, appearing brown or gray rot with dark brown or reddish-brown margins, unfilled grains, grain discoloration becoming strawed, and transverse brown rot of lemma and palea. The symptoms of artificial inoculation resembled the appearance of a natural infection in rice fields. Emergency action measures were immediately possessed to prevent the spread of the foreign strains of B. glumae by the three Rice Research Centers and the Department of Agriculture. All rice plants were eradicated from the three International Rainfed Lowland Rice Observational Nurseries areas.
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